{"id":28334,"date":"2017-09-15T13:47:45","date_gmt":"2017-09-15T11:47:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/faq-items\/effects-of-gnrh-vaccination-in-wild-and-captive-african-elephant-bulls\/"},"modified":"2017-09-18T17:14:49","modified_gmt":"2017-09-18T15:14:49","slug":"effects-of-gnrh-vaccination-in-wild-and-captive-african-elephant-bulls","status":"publish","type":"avada_faq","link":"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/es\/faq-items\/effects-of-gnrh-vaccination-in-wild-and-captive-african-elephant-bulls\/","title":{"rendered":"Effects of GnRH vaccination in wild and captive African Elephant bulls"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Effects of GnRH vaccination in wild and captive African Elephant bulls (Loxodonta africana) on reproductive organs and semen quality<\/h3>\n<p>Imke Lueders, Debbie Young, Liana Maree, Gerhard van der Horst, Ilse Luther, Stephan Botha, Brendan Tindall, Geoffrey Fosgate, Andr\u00e9 Ganswindt, Henk J. Bertschinger<\/p>\n<p><em>GEOlifes-Animal Fertility and Reproductive Research, Hamburg, Germany; Endocrine <\/em><em>Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of <\/em><em>Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa; African Elephant Research Unit, Plettenberg Bay, South Africa; <\/em><em>Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa; Department <\/em><em>of Research and Scientific Services, National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa; <\/em><em>African Lion Safari, Cambridge, ON, Canada, 7 Robberg Veterinary Clinic, 56 Longships, Plettenberg Bay, <\/em><em>South Africa; Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of <\/em><em>Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Objectives<\/strong>: Although the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) is classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), in some isolated habitats in southern Africa, contraception is of major interest due to local overpopulation. GnRH vaccination has been promoted as a non-invasive contraceptive measure for population management of overabundant wildlife. We tested the efficacy of this treatment for fertility control in elephant bulls.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Methods:<\/strong> In total, 17 male African elephants that were treated with a GnRH vaccine were examined in two groups. In the prospective study group 1 (n = 11 bulls, ages: 8\u201336 years), semen quality, the testes, seminal vesicles, ampullae and prostate, which were all measured by means of transrectal ultrasound, and faecal androgen metabolite concentrations were monitored over a three-year period. Each bull in the prospective study received 5 ml of Improvac\u00ae (1000 \u03bcg GnRH conjugate) intramuscularly after the first examination, followed by a booster six weeks later and thereafter every 5\u20137 months. In a retrospective study group (group 2, n = 6, ages: 19\u201333 years), one examination was performed on bulls which had been treated with GnRH vaccine for 5\u201311 years.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Results:<\/strong> In all bulls of group 1, testicular and accessory sex gland sizes decreased significantly after the third vaccination. In six males examined prior to vaccination and again after more than five vaccinations, the testis size was reduced by 57.5%. Mean testicular height and length decreased from 13.3 \u00b1 2.6 cm x 15.2 \u00b1 2.8 cm at the beginning to 7.6 \u00b1 2.1 cm x 10.2 \u00b1 1.8 cm at the end of the study. Post pubertal bulls (&gt;9 years, n = 6) examined prior to vaccination produced ejaculates with viable spermatozoa (volume: 8\u2013175 ml, sperm concentration: 410-4000&#215;106\/ml, total motility: 0\u201390%), while after 5\u20138 injections, only 50% of these bulls produced ejaculates with a small number of immotile spermatozoa. The ejaculates of group 2 bulls (vaccinated &gt;8 times) were devoid of spermatozoa. Faecal androgen metabolite concentrations measured in captive males decreased significantly after the fourth vaccination. None of the males entered musth during the treatment period.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Conclusions:<\/strong> Our results showed a marked decrease in semen quality, testicle and secondary sex gland sizes following repeated GnRH vaccinations. After 2\u20134 years of continuous treatment every 5\u20137 months, the effects were similar to surgical castration.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0178270<\/p>\n<p>Full article <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0178270\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Effects of GnRH vaccination in wild and captive African Elephant bulls (Loxodonta africana) on reproductive organs and semen quality Imke Lueders, Debbie Young, Liana Maree, Gerhard van der Horst, Ilse Luther, Stephan Botha, Brendan Tindall, Geoffrey Fosgate, Andr\u00e9 Ganswindt, Henk J. Bertschinger GEOlifes-Animal Fertility and Reproductive Research, Hamburg, Germany; Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy <a href=\"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/es\/faq-items\/effects-of-gnrh-vaccination-in-wild-and-captive-african-elephant-bulls\/\"> [&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"faq_category":[148,654],"class_list":["post-28334","avada_faq","type-avada_faq","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","faq_category-animal-es","faq_category-elephant-es"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Effects of GnRH vaccination in wild and captive African Elephant bulls - HT CASA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/es\/faq-items\/effects-of-gnrh-vaccination-in-wild-and-captive-african-elephant-bulls\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Effects of GnRH vaccination in wild and captive African Elephant bulls - HT CASA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Effects of GnRH vaccination in wild and captive African Elephant bulls (Loxodonta africana) on reproductive organs and semen quality Imke Lueders, Debbie Young, Liana Maree, Gerhard van der Horst, Ilse Luther, Stephan Botha, Brendan Tindall, Geoffrey Fosgate, Andr\u00e9 Ganswindt, Henk J. Bertschinger GEOlifes-Animal Fertility and Reproductive Research, Hamburg, Germany; Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Anatomy [...]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/es\/faq-items\/effects-of-gnrh-vaccination-in-wild-and-captive-african-elephant-bulls\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"HT CASA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/HamiltonThorneInc\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2017-09-18T15:14:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@HamiltonThorne\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tiempo de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"TechArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/es\/faq-items\/effects-of-gnrh-vaccination-in-wild-and-captive-african-elephant-bulls\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/es\/faq-items\/effects-of-gnrh-vaccination-in-wild-and-captive-african-elephant-bulls\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"microptic\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f44383b138fe27e5c0ed406429b01139\"},\"headline\":\"Effects of GnRH vaccination in wild and captive African Elephant bulls\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-09-15T11:47:45+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2017-09-18T15:14:49+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/es\/faq-items\/effects-of-gnrh-vaccination-in-wild-and-captive-african-elephant-bulls\/\"},\"wordCount\":496,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/#organization\"},\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/es\/faq-items\/effects-of-gnrh-vaccination-in-wild-and-captive-african-elephant-bulls\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/es\/faq-items\/effects-of-gnrh-vaccination-in-wild-and-captive-african-elephant-bulls\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.micropticsl.com\/es\/faq-items\/effects-of-gnrh-vaccination-in-wild-and-captive-african-elephant-bulls\/\",\"name\":\"Effects of GnRH vaccination in wild and captive African Elephant bulls - 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